Interfacial reaction and mechanical evaluation in multi-level assembly joints with ENEPIG under bump metallization via drop and high speed impact test

The criteria of mechanical reliability in solder joints can be identified and described by comparative evaluation via drop test and high speed pendulum impact test. Systematic samples of assembly and attachment joints with various Pd additions were employed and investigated in this study. The statistical values of mechanical performances were calculated and compared. Better high speed impact performance of SAC305/ENEPIG attachment joints with 0.06 μm Pd layers was confirmed owing to the single Cu₆Sn₅ phase growth. However, the comparative measurement of the better performance on drop testing exhibited in ENEPIG/SAC305/immersion Sn assembly joints with 0.1 μm Pd layers deposit resulted from the thinner and layer-type IMC growth. The correlation between the cracks propagation and Pd addition was established on the basis of the elemental X-ray color mapping via Field-Emission Electron Probe Microanalyzer (FE-EPMA). It is expected that through comparison between impact and drop test in mechanical reliability, a criterion of joints reliability can be established. Besides, the optimal Pd layer deposit for the ENEPIG surface finish in the attachment and assembly solder joints was demonstrated and confirmed.     

Viscoelastic analysis of FRP strengthened reinforced concrete beams

External bonding of FRP plates or sheets has become a popular method for strengthening reinforced concrete structures. Stresses along the FRP-concrete interface are critical to the effectiveness of this technique because high stress concentration along the FRP-concrete interface can lead to the FRP debonding from the concrete beam. Although the short-term stress distribution along the FRP-concrete interface has been studied extensively, very few studies have been conducted on the long-term stress distribution, which closely simulates the behavior of the structure during the service-life. In this study, we develop a viscoelastic solution for the long-term interface stress distribution in a FRP plate strengthened reinforced concrete beam. In this solution, the RC beam and the FRP plate are modeled as elastic materials; while the adhesive layer is modeled as a viscoelastic material using the Standard Linear Solid model. Closed-form expressions of the interface stresses and deflection of the beam are obtained using Laplace transform and calculated using the Zakian’s numerical method. The validation of this viscoelastic solution is verified by finite element analysis using a subroutine UMAT based on the Standard Linear Solid model.     

An area-efficient 55 nm 10-bit 1-MS/s SAR ADC for battery voltage measurement

An area-efficient CMOS 1-MS/s 10-bit charge-redistribution SAR ADC for battery voltage measurement in a SoC chip is proposed. A new DAC architecture presents the benefits of a low power approach without applying the common mode voltage. The threshold inverter quantizer(TIQ)-based CMOS Inverter is used as a comparator in the ADC to avoid static power consumption which is attractive in battery-supply application. Sixteen level-up shifters aim at converting the ultra low core voltage control signals to the higher voltage level analog circuit in a 55 nm CMOS process. The whole ADC power consumption is 2.5 mW with a maximum input capacitance of 12 pF in the sampling mode. The active area of the proposed ADC is 0.0462 mm2 and it achieves the SFDR and ENOB of 65.6917 dB and 9.8726 bits respectively with an input frequency of 200 kHz at 1 MS/s sampling rate.     

深水平巷道地应力耦合效应的数值模拟分析

文章的目的在于揭示深水平近距离巷道之间各自集中应力的相互叠加(耦合)所引发的变形效应。依据岩石的流变理论、松动圈理论等相关的弹塑性力学理论,利用计算机数值模拟软件FLAC3D对安徽淮南朱集矿一深水平巷道进行了较为细致的数值分析,研究了深井高地应力下巷道掘进次生应力在相邻巷道群的显现效应的情况,揭示了相邻巷道间应力叠加所引发的剧烈变形,为深井高地应力巷道次生应力在相邻巷道群的显现效应分析提供依据,对建立相关力学理论模型和定量分析计算邻近既有巷道围岩稳定性、合理设计地下巷道群的相互位置和有效控制超深井巷道的变形都具有重大理论意义。     

Proximity,accessibility and choice: A matter of taste or condition?*

Drawing on a combination of register data and travel survey data, this research explores changes in the accessibility to different amenities for the Swedish population between 1995 and 2005, as well as the reasons behind the changes: redistribution of either amenities or the population. Overall, proximity has increased concerning most of the amenities during the period. However, despite decreasing ‘potential’ distances, actual travel distances are growing longer due to, for example, an increasing selectivity in preferences. An analysis of the accessibility development for service amenities shows that restructuring within the service sector is the main cause of the changes, and to a lesser extent population redistribution. Resumen. Haciendo uso de una combinación de datos de registros y encuestas de viajes, este estudio explora cambios en la accesibilidad de diferentes servicios y lugares de recreo para la población sueca entre 1995 y 2005, así como las razones detrás de dichos cambios: una redistribución de los servicios o de la población. En conjunto, la proximidad ha aumentado con respecto a la mayoría de los servicios durante el periodo estudiado. Sin embargo, a pesar de las reducciones en distancias “potenciales”, las distancias de viaje están aumentando debido a por ejemplo una mayor selectividad en las preferencias. Un análisis del desarrollo de la accesibilidad de servicios y ocio muestra que la reestructuración dentro del sector servicios es la causa principal de los cambios y, en menor medida, la redistribución de la población.      

剪力墙结构置换加固应力重分布

为深入揭示无支撑置换混凝土加固过程中剪力墙的受力变化规律,对某剪力墙住宅结构无支撑置换加固施工进行全过程监测。基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件,采用生死单元、等效升温以及添加场变量的方法实现剪力墙施工全过程模拟。结合施工监测数据及有限元模拟结果分析了置换剪力墙及与置换剪力墙相连的梁、楼板受力变化过程; 最后给出了考虑应力重分布后,无支撑分段置换墙体正截面受压承载力计算方法。结果表明:有限元模拟方法能有效模拟混凝土无支撑置换加固施工过程; 由于剪力墙分段拆除和置换,墙体出现了应力重分布现象,且应力重分布程度与墙体分段施工顺序有关; 应力重分布会引起墙体洞口处出现应力集中,但应力集中对加固效果的影响较小,同时还会影响与置换剪力墙相邻的连梁、楼板结构的受力,导致该处应力增加; 建议对剪力墙结构进行无支撑置换加固时,有必要通过分段优化设计和受压承载力复核控制应力重分布的影响。     

脉冲激光焊接的数学模型

基于金属材料熔化、汽化界面二维扩展机制建立了脉冲激光的焊接模型。该模型是将激光作用区和脉冲作用时间分离为离散单元后计算焊缝断面形状的,提出以深熔小孔中的腔内光强动态再分布机理更精确地描述焊缝断面形状。腔内光强再分布机制主要考虑腔壁菲涅耳反射。光强叠加是基于与入射角无关的相干强度叠加。每次反射后的位置单元的确定采用光线追迹法。数值模型分别算出功率P、光斑尺寸α、吸收率α（材料一定,波长变化,吸收率亦改变）等参数变化所导致的液相线断面曲线的变化,并给出作用时间变化时,断面曲线的变化规律。计算结果表明,焊缝断面形状受脉冲功率、光斑直径、脉冲作用时间影响较大,这和实际的焊接情况吻合,同时,理论结果也可解释焊缝断面曲线走向突变现象。     

Interaction between energetic-ions and internal kink modes in a weak shear tokamak plasma

Based on the conventional tokamak HL-2A-like parameters and profiles, the linear properties and the nonlinear dynamics of non-resonant kink mode (NRK) and non-resonant fishbone instability (NRFB) in reversed shear tokamak plasmas are investigated by using the global hybrid kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic nonlinear code M3D-K. This work mainly focuses on the effect of passing energetic-ions on the NRK and NRFB instabilities, which is different from the previous works. It is demonstrated that the NRFB can be destabilized by the passing energetic-ions when the energetic-ion beta β_h exceeds a critical value. The transition from NRK to NRFB occurs when the energetic-ion beta β_h increases to above a critical value. The resonance condition responsible for the excitation of NRFB is interestingly found to be satisfied at ωt + ω_p ≈ ω, where ωt is the toroidal motion frequency, ω_p is the poloidal motion frequency and ω is the mode frequency. The nonlinear evolutions of NRFB's mode structures and Poincaré plots are also analyzed in this work and it is found that the NRFB can induce evident energetic-ion loss/redistribution, which can degrade the performance of the plasmas. These findings are conducive to understanding the mechanisms of NRFB induced energetic-ion loss/redistribution through nonlinear wave-particle interaction.     

Study on local morphological changes of nickel in solid oxide fuel cell anode using porous Ni pellet electrode

Morphological change of nickel, especially the aggregation of nickel, in solid oxide fuel cell anode is an important deactivation mechanism which results in long-period degradation of anode. In order to study the mechanisms which cause local morphological changes of nickel in solid oxide fuel cell anode, porous nickel pellet, which is mechanically pressed against dense YSZ pellet with LSM cathode, was employed as the anode of the cell. The cell was tested by static-potential method in hydrogen with different humidities environment for 60 h. The study focused on the vicinity of three phase boundary which concentrated at nickel-YSZ interface. After the discharging test, the cell performance and the microstructure at nickel-YSZ contacting point of interface were studied and correlated to nickel morphological changes. The interlocking effect and the spreading of densified nickel layer phenomena were observed between nickel and YSZ substrate after discharging with an anode to cathode terminal voltage of 0.6 V. Humidity enhanced nickel surface diffusion and humidity gradient driving vaporization-deposition mechanism, which caused the growing and merging of independent nickel droplets, were used to explain the local morphological changes and redistribution of nickel inside and along the edge of YSZ surface bonded nickel cluster, respectively. The bulk nickel morphological changes were also studied to support the humidity enhanced nickel surface diffusion mechanism. The competition of interlocking effect, nickel redistribution at TPB and bulk nickel sintering finally determined the cell performance.